Detailed Overview of the 2016 Benz GLA in the SUV Market
Intro
The 2016 Benz GLA marks a significant player in the compact SUV arena, managing to blend luxury with practicality in a way that catches the eyes of both everyday drivers and automotive aficionados. As the automobile landscape evolves with increasing consumer demand for versatile vehicles, understanding the nuances of the GLA becomes essential. In this analysis, we will dive deep into its design features, performance metrics, and the technological advancements that set it apart from its competitors.
Market Trends
Overview of Current Trends in Automotive and Marine Markets
In recent years, the compact SUV segment has experienced a boom in popularity. Modern drivers prioritize efficiency, comfort, and style, creating an ideal environment for the 2016 Benz GLA. Facing fierce competition, manufacturers are now inclined to innovate, focusing on fuel-efficient engines alongside lavish interior embellishments. With an increasing influx of electric and hybrid models, traditional combustion engines are silently stepping aside as consumers lean towards sustainability.
- Growth in Compact SUV Sales:
The compact SUV market has witnessed a surge, with a notable percentage increase in sales compared to previous years. According to statistics, the segment is projected to grow by approximately 25% over the next five years. - Shift towards Sustainability:
More buyers are seeking environmentally friendly options. As such, sleek designs integrated with hybrid technology have become a defining aspect of new releases.
Statistical Data on Sales and Growth
In looking at the sales figures for the 2016 Benz GLA, it's clear that the vehicle made quite an impact. According to data, the GLA outsold many of its competitors in its year of release, with approximately 35,000 units sold in the United States alone.
"In the congested compact SUV market, the 2016 Benz GLA stands tall, showcasing premium engineering and high-tech features that attract buyers in droves."
The steady demand for the GLA can also be attributed to its impressive balance of comfort and performance, appealing to a broad audience.
Industry Innovations
Coverage of New Technologies and Designs
The 2016 Benz GLA incorporates cutting-edge technology that elevates the driving experience. Notably, features such as the COMAND infotainment system provide drivers with a user-friendly interface while offering access to navigation and entertainment options. Additionally, the inclusion of advanced safety technologies like collision prevention assist and adaptive cruise control underscores the brand's commitment to innovation.
Case Studies of Companies Leading the Way
Examining competitors in the compact SUV segment, we turn our attention to players like Audi and BMW, who have also introduced significant advancements in technology and design. Audi's Q3, for example, integrates seamless connectivity with its MMI system, showcasing how rivals are not standing still.
As the automotive industry rapidly evolves, it becomes vital to track these advancements and innovations, particularly in enticing luxury compact options such as the 2016 Benz GLA.
Prelude to the Benz GLA
The 2016 Benz GLA is a noteworthy entry in the ever-competitive compact SUV market. For many car enthusiasts and perspective buyers, understanding the significance of this model year is essential. It’s not just about having a luxury badge on the hood; it’s about what the GLA brings to the table in terms of design, performance, and advanced technology. The GLA series represents a fusion of style, practicality, and the German automotive craftsmanship that Mercedes-Benz is known for. With the rise in demand for smaller, yet versatile vehicles, the GLA seeks to bridge the gap between luxury and utility.
Historical Context of the GLA Series
When the GLA was first introduced in 2013, it marked Mercedes-Benz's foray into the compact SUV segment. It was a response to the shifting preferences of consumers towards smaller vehicles that still held the promise of luxury and advanced features. The GLA was built on the same platform as the A-Class hatchback, yet it distinguished itself by elevating the ride height and optimizing interior space. From its inception, it became evident that the GLA was not just another SUV; it was a blend of sportiness and elegance designed to attract a younger demographic seeking affordability without sacrificing quality.
Overview of the Model Year
The 2016 model year builds on the foundational work laid by its predecessors while introducing key refinements and options. Mercedes-Benz aimed to enhance its appeal with improvements in technology and a refreshed aesthetic. The GLA offers a range of engine options from efficient turbocharged four-cylinders to robust performance variants, catering to diverse driving needs. Moreover, this model year emphasizes safety features and infotainment upgrades that align with current consumer expectations. With these enhancements, the 2016 Benz GLA not only solidifies its place in the compact SUV category but also elevates the standards for luxury and practicality within that segment.
Design and Aesthetics
The design and aesthetics of the 2016 Benz GLA play a crucial role in its appeal. It isn’t just about good looks; a vehicle's design can impact functionality, comfort, and even safety. The Benz GLA, as part of the compact SUV segment, competes fiercely not just on specs but on how it presents itself visually and ergonomically.
Exterior Features
Dimensions and Proportions
When we break down the proportions of the GLA, we see a deliberate craftsmanship that is both functional and visually striking. The compact size—around 173 inches in length and 71 inches in width—offers a great balance. It’s ideal for navigating urban environments without sacrificing the commanding influence of an SUV. This compactness enhances maneuverability, allowing drivers to squeeze into tighter parking spots effortlessly.
A noteworthy characteristic is the sloping roofline, which gives the GLA a sporty look. This shape not only adds to its aesthetics but also helps in aerodynamics, contributing to fuel efficiency. Some may argue that the rear headroom could be a bit tight for taller passengers, but the sleek design is certainly a crowd-pleaser.
Lighting and Grille Design
The lighting setup of the 2016 Benz GLA is where style meets modern tech. The standard LED daytime running lights not only enhance visibility but also add a subtle elegance to its demeanor. The front grille, adorned with the iconic three-pointed star, is unmistakably Benz. This grille design sets a tone of luxury and sophistication, making the GLA stand out amongst other compact SUVs.
Interestingly, the optional LED headlights offer better range and clarity at night, making driving in low-light conditions much safer. However, some buyers have pointed out that these features can push the costs higher than anticipated, which is something to keep in mind.
Wheel Options
Wheels can make or break the overall appearance of a vehicle, and the GLA provides plenty of options. Standard 18-inch alloy wheels contribute to its sporty profile, while optional 19-inch wheels deliver a more aggressive stance. Choosing the right wheel enhances not just aesthetics but also driving dynamics, giving the car a fiercer grip on the road.
Many owners appreciate that larger wheels typically enhance cornering stability, but there’s a trade-off with ride comfort. Bigger wheels can result in a harsher ride, which could deter some potential buyers looking for a smoother experience.
Interior Comfort and Layout
Materials and Finishes
The interior of the GLA is a harmonious blend of comfort and luxury. Mercedes-Benz is known for using high-quality materials, and the GLA lives up to this expectation. Soft-touch surfaces and premium leather upholstery communicate a level of sophistication that feels appealing. Wood trims can be customized, further elevating the cabin experience.
This focus on materials not only enhances comfort but also ensures durability. Long-term, owners can find comfort in knowing that wear and tear will be relatively minimal compared to competitors using cheaper materials. However, it’s worth noting that some may find the material choices in certain trims less visually appealing.
Space and Storage
Space in compact SUVs can often feel cramped, but the GLA does a commendable job. With decent cargo capacity—an impressive 43.6 cubic feet when the rear seats are down—it allows for practical utility alongside a stylish ride. The flat load floor adds to the convenience, making loading and unloading simpler.
It also features cleverly designed compartments for smaller items, which is particularly useful for city dwellers. While space is generally suited for everyday needs, some users have found challenges with larger items, questioning how well the space translates in everyday uses like grocery shopping or road trips.
Seating Arrangements
Comfortable seating is crucial, and the GLA delivers with supportive front seats. The driver’s seat is adjustable in multiple ways, ensuring a personalized fit, which is particularly beneficial for varied body types. The back seats offer adequate legroom for adults, making it suitable for longer journeys.
One attribute that shines is the option to equip heated seats, enhancing the comfort during colder months. However, while the GLA accommodates the average family, some families with taller members may find the rear seating a tad constricted, which is something to ponder when examining potential purchases.
Overall, the design and aesthetics of the 2016 Benz GLA demonstrate a careful balance of form and function, creating an engaging experience for both drivers and passengers.
Performance Specifications
The performance specifications of the 2016 Benz GLA are a critical aspect that informs potential buyers about how this vehicle stands in terms of power, efficiency, and overall driving experience. Understanding these specifications not only helps individuals make an informed choice but also highlights how the GLA integrates into the competitive market of compact SUVs. When considering how a vehicle performs, factors such as engine options, fuel efficiency, and driving dynamics come to the forefront. Let’s delve deeper into these specifications.
Engine Options and Powertrain
Available Engine Types
The 2016 Benz GLA offers a range of engine types that cater to varying performance needs. The base option is a 2.0-liter turbocharged inline-4 engine, which produces about 208 horsepower. This engine type is highly regarded because of its balance between power and efficiency. It provides a peppy acceleration that makes city driving enjoyable while also handling highway cruising with ease.
What's unique is how this engine type, typical of Mercedes-Benz, leverages advanced turbocharging technology. This delivers a robust performance without sacrificing fuel efficiency. However, some may find the base engine to be less appealing for those seeking a sportier feel, as the higher trims feature a more powerful 2.0-liter engine that increases the horsepower further.
Fuel Efficiency Ratings
Fuel efficiency is another pivotal element in evaluating the 2016 GLA's engine performance. The GLA offers a commendable estimated 24 miles per gallon in the city and up to 32 miles per gallon on the highway. This efficiency not only reduces frequency of trips to the pump, but it's also appealing for environmentally conscious buyers.
A key characteristic of its fuel-efficiency ratings is the Eco Start/Stop system, which automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle is idling. This feature is designed to improve overall fuel economy, thereby providing a strong advantage. On the downside, some drivers might find this system interrupts the driving experience, especially in stop-and-go traffic.
Transmission Variants
Transmission plays a vital role in the overall performance of the vehicle. The GLA comes equipped with a 7-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission that provides quick and smooth gear changes. This not only enhances the driving experience but also contributes to overall efficiency.
One unique trait of this transmission is the paddle shifters, which allow for a more engaging driving experience by giving drivers the control to shift gears manually when desired. This is particularly beneficial for those who prefer a more hands-on driving experience. However, some may argue that the shifting can feel somewhat abrupt under hard acceleration, impacting the overall comfort during spirited drives.
Driving Dynamics
Handling and Ride Quality
The handling and ride quality of the 2016 Benz GLA are noteworthy features that drivers appreciate. The suspension setup is designed to provide a comfortable ride while maintaining responsive handling. This means that whether you're navigating through winding roads or cruising on the highway, the GLA remains stable and composed.
A standout aspect is its agility, especially considering its compact design. The steering feel is precise, allowing for confident maneuvers. However, some owners have mentioned that it may not feel as engaged as sportier competitors, which could be a consideration for driving enthusiasts.
Off-Road Capabilities
While not primarily marketed as an off-road vehicle, the GLA offers some capabilities in this realm thanks to available 4MATIC all-wheel drive. This feature gives drivers added confidence when traversing less-than-ideal road conditions, such as snow or light trails.
What’s interesting here is the all-wheel-drive system's ability to adjust power distribution to each wheel, which enhances traction. However, hardcore off-roaders might still find it limited compared to true SUVs designed specifically for rough terrains; it may feel somewhat out of its element in extreme conditions.
Safety and Stability Features
When it comes to safety, the GLA does not skimp on features. Equipped with multiple airbags, stability control, and a strong body structure, it aims to provide excellent protection.
A key element is the inclusion of advanced safety technology. Notable features include Crosswind Assist, which helps to maintain stability in high winds, and available driver assistance features like Collision Prevention Assistance. These contribute to a higher sense of security whether you’re driving on the highway or through urban environments.
However, some features might be tethered behind optional packages, which can make safety more expensive than expected. Therefore, it’s important for potential buyers to evaluate these aspects when making their purchase decision.
Technological Advancements
When considering the 2016 Benz GLA, understanding its technological advancements is pivotal for discerning buyers and automotive enthusiasts alike. The GLA boasts an array of cutting-edge features that enhance both the driving experience and overall functionality. These advancements are not mere novelties; they serve to improve safety, connectivity, and user engagement, making the GLA a forward-thinking choice in the compact SUV market.
Infotainment System
The infotainment system in the 2016 Benz GLA is a hallmark of modern automotive technology. This system integrates seamlessly into the vehicle, providing a host of functionalities that cater to tech-savvy consumers.
Screen Size and Quality
The GLA's infotainment system features a vivid display that measures a generous 8 inches, which is surprisingly sharp and has excellent visibility under various lighting conditions. This large screen enhances user interaction and accessibility.
One of its standout characteristics is its high-resolution quality. Whether you’re scrolling through navigation maps or flipping through your media options, the clarity of the display is notable. A distinctive advantage here is the way the screen intuitively responds to touch inputs, making it a beneficial choice for an engaging driving experience.
However, there are some considerations, notably the potential for glare under bright sunlight, which can slightly affect usability.
Connectivity Options
Connectivity is another cornerstone of the GLA's technology suite. With options for Bluetooth, USB ports, and even smartphone integration via Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, this vehicle ensures that drivers remain connected to their digital lives.
The prominent characteristic of its connectivity options is multidevice support. Users can easily switch between devices, allowing for seamless transitions between calls, music, and navigation. This flexibility makes it a popular choice among younger consumers and those always on the go.
On the flip side, some users could find the initial setup process a bit cumbersome, particularly if they are not familiar with tech.
Navigation Features
The navigation features within the GLA are engineered to provide ease of use and comprehensive information. With real-time traffic updates and 3D mapping, the system is designed not just for directions but also for optimizing driving routes based on current conditions.
A key characteristic is the ability to sync with your phone for personalized routes and suggestions. Owners particularly appreciate this unique feature as it saves time during daily commutes or long road trips.
However, there can be updates required for optimal function, and while the maps are generally accurate, they might not always reflect the very latest road changes immediately.
Driver Assistance Technologies
Driver assistance technologies represent a significant leap forward in automotive engineering, enhancing safety and convenience in the 2016 Benz GLA. These systems are not just features; they reflect a growing trend towards smarter, safer driving environments.
Adaptive Cruise Control
Adaptive cruise control is one of the standout technologies in the GLA. This system automatically adjusts your vehicle's speed to maintain a safe distance from the car ahead, which significantly lessens driving strain during longer trips.
The characteristic of this system is its intelligence; it can detect the speed and distance of vehicles in front and react accordingly. This makes it a beneficial option for drivers who often traverse highways or crowded urban environments.
However, a downside could be the system's occasional sensitivity to changing traffic conditions, requiring some manual adjustments from the driver.
Lane Keeping Assist
Lane keeping assist offers another layer of safety, gently steering the vehicle to maintain its lane position. This feature is particularly valuable for those who may find themselves drifting under fatigue or distraction.
Its key characteristic is its subtle yet effective operation. The system doesn’t yell at you but instead nudges the wheel if you start to stray, encouraging safer driving behavior without overwhelming the driver.
Nevertheless, it’s worth noting that while beneficial, it’s still advisable to remain fully engaged, as the system is not foolproof.
Collision Prevention Systems
The GLA's collision prevention systems serve as a robust feature that helps avert accidents before they can occur. It employs a suite of sensors to monitor the environment around the vehicle, alerting the driver of potential hazards.
This technology is characterized by its proactive approach, actively working to prevent mishaps through timely alerts and automatic braking when necessary. This characteristic makes it a compelling choice for safety-conscious buyers.
On the other hand, there can be limitations in accuracy under certain weather conditions, which is something drivers should keep in mind.
Understanding these technological advancements in the 2016 Benz GLA not only enhances the appeal of the vehicle but also equips potential buyers with information needed to make informed decisions.
Market Positioning
Understanding market positioning is crucial when evaluating the 2016 Benz GLA. It ties together how this model has differentiated itself, not only in performance and design but also in pricing and consumer appeal. For luxury compact SUVs, market positioning can dictate the success or failure and the GLA finds its niche effectively. From pricing strategies to consumer demographics, each component plays a vital role in its overall standing in the automotive landscape.
Pricing Strategies
Base Model Pricing
The base model pricing of the 2016 Benz GLA serves as an entry point for prospective buyers. At first glance, the initial price might seem a tad steep compared to its competitors, but it provides ample bang for the buck. The GLA's unique combination of luxury and performance makes it a tempting option for first-time luxury SUV buyers. The base model is equipped with a turbocharged engine paired with a sharp handling, making it an appealing choice. However, potential drawbacks include a limited range of features compared to pricier models, which could deter a budget-conscious consumer.
Optional Packages and Features
When delving into the optional packages and features, the 2016 GLA offers something for everyone. Packages like the Premium Package boost an already enticing vehicle with elements like enhanced sound systems and upgraded trims. This flexibility enables buyers to tailor their GLA to specific desires, which enhances its market appeal. However, the options also lead to a higher total price, making some consumers feel that they might be falling down a rabbit hole of add-ons that can swiftly inflate the overall cost.
Resale Value Analysis
The resale value analysis of the 2016 Benz GLA reveals an interesting picture. While this model is relatively new in the market, it shows signs of promising stability. Factors such as brand reputation and quality contribute to a solid resale value. The GLA's longevity, combined with its premium status, gives it an edge in retaining worth over time. That said, the market for used luxury SUVs can be finicky, and buyers should be aware of potential depreciation factors that could come into play, especially in volatile economic times.
Competitive Landscape
Comparison with Rivals
When stacking the GLA against its rivals, several striking points come to light. Competing with models like the BMW X1 or Audi Q3, the GLA stands out with its blend of sporty performance and aesthetic appeal. The interior quality in the GLA often surpasses that of competitors, resonating with consumers who prioritize a luxurious driving environment. However, its performance in cargo space may lag behind some rivals, which could be a deal breaker for practical buyers. The GLA’s character effectively differentiates it in a crowded segment but it does face tough competition in multiple fronts.
Market Trends for Compact SUVs
Examining market trends for compact SUVs is almost tantamount to looking through a kaleidoscope – changing patterns reveal diverse consumer preferences. The rising demand for eco-friendly options has put pressure on manufacturers to adapt, and while the Benz GLA offers impressive technology, it still needs to push its efficiency metrics further. Understanding these trends not only helps in gauging the GLA's current performance but also hints at its future, where hybrid and electric variants may take the spotlight.
Consumer Demographics
Finally, considering consumer demographics unveils who is really driving the sales of the 2016 Benz GLA. The model predominantly attracts young professionals and small families, attracted by the blend of luxury and functionality. Furthermore, its appeal to individuals who value urban mobility and trendy design suggests a social awareness among buyers. Brands, including Benz, need to keep a firm grip on aligning their messaging to cater to these demographics effectively, ensuring engagement remains a priority moving forward.
The positioning of the 2016 Benz GLA effectively showcases the brand's understanding of market dynamics, ensuring it remains a viable choice in a competitive landscape.
Consumer Insights
Understanding consumer insights is pivotal when evaluating the 2016 Benz GLA. This section delves into the impressions and experiences of those who drove, owned, or interacted with the vehicle. By analyzing expert reviews and owner testimonials, we glean valuable information about the model's strengths and weaknesses. These insights not only reflect real-world usage but also help potential buyers make informed decisions. They serve as a window into customer satisfaction, varying experiences, and the practicality of the GLA in everyday situations.
Expert Reviews
Automotive Publications Ratings
Automotive publications ratings offer an objective lens through which to view the 2016 Benz GLA. These reviews synthesize technical data with practical impressions, helping buyers understand the car's performance in day-to-day life. An essential characteristic of these ratings is their reliance on standardized criteria, allowing for straightforward comparisons across different models. They often take into account aspects like handling, acceleration, and fuel economy, making them a popular choice for purchasers seeking thorough evaluations.
One unique feature of such ratings is their emphasis on comparison against industry standards. This advantage lies in providing context—offering potential buyers insights on where the GLA stands relative to its competitors. However, a drawback can sometimes emerge: reviews may overly rely on numerical performance data, which can overlook subjective preferences, such as personal comfort or aesthetics.
Industry Expert Opinions
Industry expert opinions contribute a layer of depth to the conversation around the 2016 Benz GLA. These voices often come from seasoned automotive analysts who examine not only specifications but also broader market trends and technological advancements. A key characteristic here is their holistic view—experts consider brand reputation, historical trends, as well as emerging features. It's a beneficial angle for those wanting a comprehensive market overview.
The unique aspect of these opinions lies in their foresight. Experts often predict how a model will fare against changing consumer preferences, giving potential buyers a strategic advantage. However, sometimes these insights may seem overly technical, making it challenging for the average consumer to digest.
Comparative Analysis with Predecessors
The comparative analysis with predecessors provides crucial context to the GLA's place in Mercedes-Benz’s lineup. By looking back at earlier GLA models, we can mark trends in design, performance, and technological innovations. This analysis is helpful as it reveals how the GLA evolved; for instance, improvements in fuel efficiency or the introduction of newer technology systems can elevate the buyer's decision.
The key characteristic of this analysis is its focus on evolutionary progress—showing how the GLA adapted to market demands over the years. This aspect can be particularly advantageous because it helps purchasers appreciate the GLA's continual refinement over time. However, the downside may be that loyalists of older models might feel a disconnect with newer iterations, particularly if significant design choices changed space and comfort aspects.
Owner Testimonials
Driving Experience Reflection
Driving experience reflection among owners of the 2016 Benz GLA offers invaluable anecdotal evidence. These testimonials reveal the genuine feelings of daily users, providing insights related to comfort, handling, and overall driving pleasure. A highlight of this segment is the emotional connection owners often share, as their reflections can reveal both joy and frustration with the vehicle.
A unique feature of these reflections is the authenticity that transcends technical specifications. Owners elaborate on their daily interactions with the GLA, illustrating the practical advantages—or shortcomings—they’ve experienced, such as the responsiveness of the steering or the efficiency of the infotainment system. However, the subjective nature of these comments can lead to polarizing views, where one driver’s satisfaction might contrast sharply with another's discontent.
Maintenance Insights
Maintenance insights gathered from current and past owners provide a realistic picture of long-term ownership. This aspect is crucial as it helps potential buyers gauge their future investment in terms of upkeep. A notable characteristic of these insights is their repetitive mention of routine service needs and their associated costs, giving prospective buyers a clear view of what to anticipate.
Additionally, many owners often share tips about maintaining the vehicle, which can be helpful for newcomers to the Benz family. While these insights can prove enlightening, it's essential to note that they can vary greatly depending on individual experiences and local service options.
Satisfaction Ratings
Satisfaction ratings encapsulate the overall sentiment shared by owners regarding the 2016 Benz GLA. These ratings often reflect critical factors such as comfort, performance, value for money, and ongoing expenses. A key characteristic of satisfaction ratings is their ability to sum up diverse opinions into a numeric or star rating, making it easier to digest.
One of the unique features is that they can drive future purchasing decisions for potential buyers. High satisfaction ratings can create a buzz in the market, drawing attention to the GLA’s merits. However, satisfaction levels can be affected by external factors, like service experiences post-purchase, which may skew the overall ratings.
Closure and Final Thoughts
In wrapping up our exploration of the 2016 Benz GLA, it's crucial to recognize the multifaceted nature of this compact SUV. Embracing its design, performance, technology, and market standing, the GLA presents itself as a contender that harmonizes luxury with practicality. This concluding section aims to distill the essence of the discussions held throughout, covering significant insights and what they indicate for potential buyers.
Summary of Key Takeaways
- Design and Comfort: The 2016 Benz GLA stands out with its sleek aerodynamic exterior and a lavishly appointed interior. When it comes to comfort, the careful selection of materials and the user-friendly layout contributes significantly to a pleasurable driving experience.
- Performance Specs: Under the hood, the GLA offers a range of engine options, providing drivers with choices that cater to diverse preferences, whether it's fuel efficiency or dynamic performance. Coupled with solid driving dynamics and off-road capabilities, the GLA ensures that adventurers and urban dwellers alike can find common ground.
- Technological Features: The integrated infotainment system simplifies connectivity and navigation, thereby heightening the user experience. Additionally, the driver assistance technologies bolster safety, giving peace of mind to drivers who value protection on the road.
- Market Positioning: Priced competitively, the GLA positions itself well against rivals in the compact SUV segment. The insights gleaned from the consumer landscape paint a picture of a vehicle that resonates well with buyers looking for quality and reliability.
Future Outlook for the GLA Line
Looking ahead, the GLA is likely to continue evolving as a staple in the compact SUV market. With the automotive industry leaning more towards electric vehicles, future iterations of the GLA may incorporate hybrid or fully electric options, responding to eco-conscious consumer demands. The reputation for luxury, coupled with practicality, will likely remain a focal point.
Additionally, as tech innovations surge, we can expect enhancements in infotainment systems and safety technologies, keeping the GLA competitive amidst a dynamic marketplace. The need for adaptability will be key for Mercedes-Benz in maintaining the GLA's status as a preferred choice for many.
In summary, the 2016 Benz GLA is not just a vehicle—it's a statement of quality, technology, and future readiness that appeals to a discerning audience. Potential buyers looking for a compact SUV with a blend of luxury, performance, and innovative features would do well to consider this option as they navigate their choices in the market.
